Is burnout depression by another name?

My experience of burnout involved disengaging from my work (and from reality in general). I lost the energy and will to continue doing something that I wasn’t much enjoying, that was taking up almost all my time, for which I was earning less than the minimum wage, and for which I did not feel valued. It felt like a defeat or a surrender: I gave up because the constant, all-consuming to succeed in the face of long odds against success no longer seemed worth it. To have continued would have risked more damage to my mental and physical health. (That makes it sound more a conscious decision than it was: I found myself giving up, rather than made a clear decision to give up.)

There is an evolutionary explanation of depression that is also about the value of giving up when confronted by overwhelming odds against success. Why stand and fight (for status, money, sex, pleasure, or anything else desirable) when to do so almost certainly risks defeat and potentially serious damage? Depression may be the body’s way of telling someone to retreat, to accept the futility of the struggle, and to hide away so as no longer to draw attention to oneself and risk further injury. Thus, depression may, at its core, be a sensible survival strategy: it makes no sense for a weakened individual to continue fighting when defeat is almost certain and quite likely catastrophic. Knowing when to rein in and suppress desires to avoid repeated disappointment and defeat would seem to be important.

That depression may have an evolutionary purpose does not mean that it works well in practice. To retreat and accept defeat may be the sensible responses that lie at the heart of depression; but clinical depression (at least as we understand it in the modern world) invariably involves an over-response in which our stress systems go into overdrive, often resulting in the inability to perform even basic functions. Thus, depression may make some evolutionary sense as a survival strategy, but it is one that is debilitating, excessive and highly imperfect. It is often rational to accept defeat in the pursuit of a goal; it is irrational to feel totally defeated in every area of one’s life.

Be that as it may, burnout seems to me very closely related to depression—and perhaps it is a variation of it. For burnout follows (as least as I have experienced it) not simply from overwork, but from the experience that no matter how hard one works, one’s goals (of success, of being valued, of enjoying work, of finding meaning and fulfilment, of earning enough to do more than scrape by) are never attained. And if we fail or are unable to pick up on and respond to the early signs of stress, then eventually we become overloaded by stress and breakdown occurs. Similarly, depression also seems to be a failure or inability (often through no fault of the individual) to prevent our stress system from going into overdrive.

In an earlier post on burnout I noted that my burnout felt oddly pleasurable: giving up felt like a release and liberation. I ought to qualify that: it was not so much pleasure as it was a temporary and somewhat illusory reduction in immediate stress. Overall, burnout is a horrible and destructive experience (which is not to say that it cannot ultimately lead to somewhere good). Likewise, depression is a horrible experience. But even with depression there is often a welcome feeling of release. Lying in bed rather than getting up and facing a stressful world can, for example, feel oddly pleasant and necessary, for in the short term it is an escape from or an avoidance of stress. Long term, of course, this is a debilitating and self-defeating response.

I regard neither burnout nor depression in a positive way. At the same time, I refuse to accept that they are wholly irrational and negative responses to a difficult situation. It may be right to consider them as illnesses; but perhaps our experience of them amounts to our endurance of our body and mind dealing with an underlying problem that needs addressing (much as the sickness we feel during a common cold derives from our body’s efforts to defeat the virus).

Above all, I am seeking to make sense of my burnout. And if burnout is a close cousin of, or even just a type of depression, then it would likely be something I can understand better and, more importantly, something that I can respond to more effectively.

Burnout (II)

My burnout, when it struck me with full force, can best be described as a disengagement from reality. I found myself incapable of opening up documents or checking my emails; I simply stopped work. None of it made sense to me anymore, and I began to recoil from anything related to work as if it represented a place of horror. Just as some use alcohol or drugs as a way of escaping reality and finding a happier place, so I found pleasant refuges in computer games, in random trawls of music videos, and in delirious fantasy while reclining on my sofa.

It was not, for the most part, a painful experience. Instead, it felt like—and, indeed, I convinced myself that I was having—an overdue, albeit unplanned, holiday. My sleep patterns remained terrible, my diet got worse, my isolation intensified, and mess accumulated around me, but I stopped caring. I was aware that my business and finances were collapsing fast, but I stopped caring about that too. Instead, I allowed myself simply to drift aimlessly through the days, seeking obscure pleasures, detached from the world outside my flat.

It occasionally crossed my mind that I should try to salvage my business and my livelihood. But the prospect of doing so took on ever more forbidding proportions, so I delved even deeper into my breakdown. I could no longer fathom what I had been doing for the previous two years; it made no sense and had no meaning. I had subjected myself to a grinding routine of laboriously going through, hour after hour, sentence after sentence, correcting syntax and punctuation, struggling to figure out meaning, and heroically trying to add some style to texts that rarely interested or inspired me. And in return I had been paid very little, I had no social life, no romance, and no time or energy to do anything that interested me.

There had been a time when my daily life had involved engaging with history, ideas, art and literature; but for the previous two years all those things had been replaced by an all-consuming attention to the minutiae of style and the scramble to pick up project after project just to squeak over the line that separated me from destitution and homelessness.

Nothing seemed worth salvaging. Instead, I concluded that I was better letting everything collapse, preserving my energy to rebuild from there, than spending my energy on trying to prevent the inevitable. For I had been aware for some time that my work and life were not sustainable in their present form; to have persisted with them, year after year, was going to destroy me mentally and physically. It was, therefore, better to allow the crisis to happen sooner rather than later, since to delay it would have been to lay the foundations for an even deeper crisis.

The reverie of my breakdown could not go on indefinitely. As I approached the critical point of no return, I became more frightened. Sometimes, I cried alone in my flat, grasping the disaster that was unfolding, unsure of what to do. I had stopped functioning in any normal way: I neglected my personal hygiene; I rarely left my flat and had barely any friends; and I felt increasingly ashamed of what was unfolding. I glimpsed some dark places: suicide seemed like an option, albeit an abstract one.

Ultimately, I located my safety net. It was my family. And I found, as I inched my way towards a more hopeful future, that some people showed me love and care. It was humbling.

My experience of burnout was both pleasant and horrible. It was the former because it involved a temporary escape from the stresses of work and scraping a living; it was the latter because it became scary, and because it took the form of a deep depression that made me wonder if I was going mad.

Yet, despite its unpleasantness, I see it as a form of salvation. It was necessary, because it forced me to find a way out of the life I had created. I had to take a break; I had to pause what I was doing and begin to reassess my priorities. I was caught in a seemingly interminable hell of grinding work just to pay my rent so I could continue with grinding work—and it seemed meaningless. My burnout, messy though it has been—and it has resulted in some radical and not altogether welcome changes in my life—has at least enabled me to rethink what I am doing with my life, and to search once again for meaning, fulfilment and pleasure.

Burnout (I)

Burnout was, for a long time, something that I neither understood nor sought to understand. I supposed it to be a phenomenon experienced by others and one that I would be immune to. Yet I sensed, about a year ago, that burnout was creeping up on me. My response was to imagine that I could power through and be superior to it. And then it overwhelmed me, devastating my business, finances and life.

I cast burnout as an outside force that knocked me over, because this is what it felt like. As I struggled with it, it seemed like a fight against an enemy determined to rip apart my life. In reality, however, the burnout was smouldering within me; and it was less an enemy, more a necessary salvation.

* * * * *

To understand my burnout, it is necessary to survey a brief history of my work. My background is in academia. After my first degree, I went on to study for an MA and a PhD. I then worked as a researcher on two large collaborative scholarly projects; I took on some part-time lecturing; and then I landed a full-time lecturing position on a rolling series of temporary contracts. The latter job was the best I have ever had: I loved every aspect of it and devoted myself to it fully. After four years, however, the funding ran out and I was made redundant. I was 44, an age that for many falls within the prime of their careers; yet I was jobless and my academic career was effectively over.

I floundered for a while, unsure of what to do. I tried to write; I took on some private tutoring. But nothing led to anything, my resources ran dry, and I found myself in a desperate state. So, about three years ago, with few options left, but knowing that editing is something I am good at, I set up my own editorial business.

In a modest way my business was a success. I managed, quite quickly, to accumulate clients and work. Within two or three months, I was earning enough to survive: I could pay my rent and bills, and I could just about eat. But to do this, I was working 60 to 70 hours per week. I was never able to take any substantial time off (I estimate that, including weekends and bank holidays, there were fewer than twenty days over the course of two years on which I did no work at all—once, I was even doing some editing on Christmas Day). My income never allowed me to have a social life or to date; and, anyway, I never had the time or energy to do such things. Nor did I have the time to read for pleasure: over the course of those two years, I did not read a single book, fiction or non-fiction, that I was not also editing.

I recognize, of course, that I may have made mistakes and that my work practices might have been better. But editing does not pay well, and I was trying to make a living as a single man renting a flat in London. I sensed that this was not sustainable in the long run and that I would have to rethink my work (and, indeed, my life as a whole), but my margins were so tight that all my time was spent scrambling to generate enough projects to pay my rent at the end of each month.

The first warning signs appeared about a year ago. I was experiencing increasing problems with my physical health: recurring headaches, low energy, intermittent chest pains, poor circulation, and constant bodily tension. My diet was terrible and my sleep patterns were worse; I was chain smoking, reliant on caffeine and sugar, and developing an unhealthy attachment to codeine. I sensed that a heart attack or stroke could happen at any time. Yet I did not care about the prospect of either, for my mental health was falling apart too. I recognized the onset of depression: lethargy, listlessness, joylessness, and a deepening sense that I was living a life without meaning or value.

My declining mental and physical health began to affect my work. Nevertheless, I ploughed on for several months, just about managing. And then, a couple of months ago, I had what was in effect a sudden and complete breakdown.